- Al cierre del 2022, se estima que 13,4 millones de peruanos trabajan en condiciones informales. En todas las regiones, la tasa de informalidad supera el 50%. Destacan Huancavelica (91,7%), Puno (90,2%), Huánuco (89,95) y Ayacucho (88,6%).
- En actividades de los sectores pesca, agrícola y transporte existe un mayor número de personas trabajando en condiciones informales.
- Gustavo Meza, investigador de la Red de Estudios para el Desarrollo (Redes), identifica Y factores que permiten la proliferación/persistencia de esta problemática.
Según los recientes datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI), se estima que 13,4 millones de peruanos trabajan en condiciones informales al cierre del 2022. Ello representa un aumento de 200 mil personas en comparación con lo observado en el 2021 y un incremento de 900 mil más que antes de la pandemia.
Se considera que una persona trabaja en condición de informalidad cuando su lugar de trabajo es informal, es decir, que opera fuera del marco legal económico. Así también, se considera a un trabajador como informal cuando no recibe seguridad social por parte de sus empleadores o cuando trabaja en una empresa o negocio familiar sin remuneración.
Factores
En las zonas urbanas, el nivel de empleo informal supera el 70%; mientras que, en las zonas rurales, la situación es aún más preocupante. Los datos muestran que 9 de cada 10 personas trabajan en la informalidad.
En el plano regional, todos los departamentos presentan tasas de informalidad superiores al 50%; pero la situación empeora en Huancavelica (91,7%), Puno (90,2%), Huánuco (89%) y Ayacucho (88,6%). En estas zonas existe una presencia predominante de actividades como la agricultura, ganadería y silvicultura. Estas se desarrollan, principalmente, de manera informal e incluso a nivel de subsistencia.
Gustavo Meza, Investigador de la Red de Estudios para el Desarrollo (Redes), explicó los factores que propician la permanencia de la informalidad en nuestro país.
“Ante la pérdida de trabajos formales que hubo los primeros meses de la pandemia, los trabajadores, que no tienen seguridad social ante el desempleo, se ven obligados a aceptar puestos de trabajo en condiciones no óptimas, sin beneficios laborales; o crear sus propios empleos por necesidad. Típicamente, estos empleos son informales, de baja calidad, productividad y menores ingresos”, señala.
Vale apuntar, además, que la informalidad es más atractiva en ciertos sectores y tipos de empresas. Esto responde a que los costos de adherirse al marco legal y tributario se consideran superiores a los beneficios que podrían obtenerse en la formalidad.
«Ser informal tiene desventajas en el largo plazo y estas son mayores que las supuestas ventajas que tiene. Por ejemplo, las empresas tienen pocas oportunidades de crecimiento y expansión porque no podrán hacer contratos más grandes que requieran formalidad, ni acceder fácilmente a créditos», apunta Meza.
En casi la totalidad de las actividades económicas, los trabajadores informales se encuentran ocupados en su mayoría en el sector informal, en tanto que un porcentaje mínimo se encuentra en el formal. Esto se puede observar en actividades como Pesca 98,4%), Agropecuario (98,1%), Transporte y almacenamiento (90,2%), Construcción (85,9%), Comercio (81%), Minería (77,8%) y Alojamiento y restaurantes (75,1%).
Propuestas para enfrentar la informalidad
Una de las medidas que nos permitiría reducir los niveles de informalidad sería la implementación de programas de asistencia técnica para el acceso a mercados y la adopción de prácticas gerenciales para mipymes. Pequeñas con las de mayor escala en producción.
Adicionalmente, una opción a considerar es la simplificación de la carga tributaria. Con la creación de un único régimen tributario para el impuesto a la renta que considere a las mipymes, se pueden eliminar los regímenes simplificados (RUS, RER, RMT) o focalizarlos en el segmento considerado en su concepción inicial (bodegas y pequeños mercados de abastos).
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