En el marco del Día Mundial contra el Cáncer, es importante ayudar a tomar conciencia sobre cuáles son los factores de riesgo y brindar información sobre cómo mantener un estilo de vida saludable.
Denisse Champin, decana de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Tecnológica del Perú (UTP), recuerda que, al cierre del 2020, se reportaron 69 849 casos nuevos de neoplasias en el país, con una cifra de fallecimiento de 34 976. Asimismo, comentó que, en Perú, las neoplasias con mayor prevalencia en las mujeres son las de mama y cuello uterino; mientras que, en los varones, son las de próstata y pulmón.
En este contexto, la decana de la UTP comparte las siguientes recomendaciones para la prevención de esta enfermedad:
Identificar la historia familiar. Un cáncer hereditario es causado por una mutación genética que se transmite de padres a hijos dentro de una familia. Neoplasias de mama, ovarios y páncreas son algunas que son descritas con carga hereditaria. Para el caso del cáncer de mama, las hijas o hermanas de una paciente portadora de la enfermedad tienen siete veces mayor posibilidad de desarrollar la enfermedad que la población general. Por ello es importante conocer los antecedentes patológicos de la familia.
Atención a los factores de riesgo. Un factor de riesgo es todo aquello que afecta la probabilidad de que se padezca de una enfermedad como la neoplasia. En el ámbito de las infecciones, en el caso del cáncer de estómago existe una correlación con la infección producida por Helicobacter pylori; en el del cáncer de cuello uterino está descrita la correlación de la neoplasia con la infección por el Papiloma virus; en el del Hepatocarcinoma (cáncer de hígado) existe una correlación con el virus de la hepatitis B y hepatitis C, ambos responsables de promover cirrosis hepática. Por ello es importante la prevención de dichas infecciones y su tratamiento en caso de ser identificadas.
La obesidad está descrita como factor de riesgo para cáncer de mama y el consumo de tabaco, largamente relacionado con neoplasia de pulmón, faringe, laringe y otros órganos.
Despistaje periódico. En el Perú, las neoplasias se diagnostican cuando están muy avanzadas y por ello la mortalidad es elevada.
Estilo de vida. Se recomienda adoptar una vida saludable con alimentación sana, actividad física permanente, evitar el consumo de tabaco, alcohol, así como prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad.
Vacunas preventivas. Existen a la fecha vacunas que protegen del desarrollo futuro de neoplasia de cuello uterino. Se trata de la vacunación contra Papiloma virus. De la misma forma existe vacunación contra Hepatitis B que permite prevenir la infección por dicho virus y el futuro desarrollo de Hepatocarcinoma.
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