#MétodoParaDetectarElAlzheimer |
La aplicación de un método automatizado de imágenes cerebrales, por parte de investigadores del Massachusetts General Hospital, reveló dónde emergen los depósitos de tau, proteína implicada en la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Un equipo de investigadores del Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General), desarrolló un método automatizado para identificar y rastrear los depósitos dañinos de tau en el cerebro de un paciente. Esta es una noticia clave para la ciencia, pues, como se sabe, la beta amiloide y la tau son los dos principales depósitos de proteínas anormales que se acumulan en el cerebro durante el desarrollo del Alzheimer, y la pronta detección de su acumulación puede permitir a los médicos intervenir en una etapa temprana.
“Si bien nuestra comprensión de la enfermedad de Alzheimer ha aumentado enormemente en los últimos años, muchos intentos de tratar la condición médica hasta ahora han fracasado, posiblemente porque las intervenciones médicas han tenido lugar después de la etapa en la que la lesión cerebral se vuelve irreversible”, explica Justin Sánchez, analista de datos del Gordon Center for Medical Imaging. Estos descubrimientos se vuelven una esperanza para muchas familias, pues, tan sólo en Latinoamérica, 9.4 millones de personas padecen algún tipo de demencia.
En un intento por desarrollar un método para el diagnóstico temprano, Sánchez y sus colegas, bajo el liderazgo del Dr. Keith A. Johnson (especialista de los departamentos de Radiología y Neurología de Massachusetts General Hospital) evaluaron imágenes cerebrales de beta amiloide y tau obtenidas en 443 adultos, mediante tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET). Los participantes abarcaron una amplia gama de edades, con diversos grados de beta amiloide y deterioro cognitivo, desde personas sanas de 20 años hasta pacientes mayores con un diagnóstico clínico de demencia de Alzheimer.
Los investigadores utilizaron un método automatizado para identificar la región del cerebro más vulnerable a la acumulación inicial de tau cortical. “Presumimos que la aplicación de nuestro método a imágenes de PET nos permitiría detectar la acumulación inicial de tau cortical en personas cognitivamente normales y rastrear la propagación de tau desde esta ubicación original a otras regiones del cerebro, en asociación con la deposición de beta amiloide y el deterioro cognitivo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer”, señala Sánchez. El analista explica que la tau cortical, cuando se propaga desde su sitio de origen a las regiones cerebrales neocorticales bajo la influencia de beta amiloide, parece ser la “bala” que daña el cerebro en la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
La técnica reveló que los depósitos de tau emergen primero en la región de la corteza rinal del cerebro, independientemente de los depósitos de beta-amiloide, antes de extenderse al neocórtex temporal cercano. “Observamos la acumulación de tau cortical inicial en este sitio de origen en individuos cognitivamente normales, sin evidencia de beta amiloide elevada, ya a los 58 años de edad”, afirma Sánchez. Es importante destacar que cuando los científicos siguieron a 104 participantes durante dos años, encontraron que las personas con los niveles iniciales más altos de tau en el punto de origen exhibían la mayor propagación de tau en todo el cerebro a lo largo del tiempo.
Los hallazgos sugieren que las mediciones PET de tau, centradas en regiones cerebrales específicas individualizadas, pueden predecir el riesgo de un individuo de acumulación futura de tau y la consiguiente enfermedad de Alzheimer. Si se detecta la tau en una etapa temprana, se podría prevenir la enfermedad o ralentizar su progresión.
A través de trabajos como éste, y contando con el programa de investigación hospitalaria más grande de Estados Unidos, Massachusetts General Hospital busca descubrir tratamientos para reducir y eliminar el impacto devastador de los trastornos neurológicos como el Alzheimer, una enfermedad relevante en nuestra región pues, según datos de Alzheimer’s Association, los latinos tenemos aproximadamente 1.5 más probabilidades de padecer esta condición, u otras formas de demencia, en comparación con los adultos mayores de raza blanca.
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Al mapear la anatomía cerebral única de las personas, los investigadores han identificado señales tempranas de imágenes de PET tau para rastrear la patología de Alzheimer. Izquierda: imágenes PET de Tau para una persona con cognición normal. Derecha: arriba, representación 3D de la superficie del cerebro con superposición PET de tau; abajo, mapa plano que muestra los detalles de la superficie del cerebro, con el origen tau cortical (corteza rinal) delineado en blanco.
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Acerca de Massachusetts General Hospital:
Massachusetts General Hospital es el hospital n.° 1 en investigación médica de los Estados Unidos y es el único hospital reconocido en las 16 especialidades clínicas evaluadas por U.S. News. Mass General, fundado en 1811, es el hospital docente original y más grande de la Facultad de Medicina de Harvard.
El Instituto de Investigación de Mass General lleva a cabo el mayor programa de investigación hospitalaria de la nación, con operaciones de investigación anuales de más de 1 billón de dólares y comprende más de 9.500 investigadores que trabajan en más de 30 institutos, centros y departamentos. Para más información, ingrese a la página web de Mass General: www.massgeneral.org/es/
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